inferred是什么意思 inferr是什么意思中文
初中英语阅读理解有10题还是15题
: _fluf (__c, stdout);}初中英语阅读理解是有10道题目的
inferred是什么意思 inferr是什么意思中文
(2)将原文几句话或一段话归纳一下，就是说以段落主题或句群的论点为答案。
英语试卷大致分为4个部分,听力理解、知识运用、阅读理解以及书面表达。每一部分的分数分别为:听力理解30分、知识运用25分、阅读理解50分、书面...
题型特点:细节题占阅读理解的比例很大,阅读时要特别注意以 下几点 1.阅读时,必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据,切 忌把自己的观点
一般是有3篇阅读理解，每篇5道题，_CRTIMP int __cdecl putw (int, FILE);一共15题
初中英语阅读理解有10题
英语阅读技巧
#endif / defined __VALIST /考研英语阅读理解十大解题技巧精析
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fileno (FILE);根据考研英语大纲的阅读技能要求和文章的特点以及题目设置的方式，可以将考研英语阅读理解的题型分为以下十种类型，针对不同题目类型总结出十大解题技巧：
态度题是考研英语阅读中的一种重要题型，主要考查对文章中作者态度的辨别。作者态度大致分为两种：(1)支持或赞同；(2)中立或客观；(3)怀疑、批评或反对。(一)细节事实题
这是考研英语阅读中数量多、也重要的一种题型，可以从下列几个方面把握：
根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问。细节事实题的考查内容和形式可以归纳为二种类型：(1)According型：题干一般围绕5W和1H而展开。即who，what，where，when，why，how；(2)隐含的事实和细节型：需要在读懂全文的基础上，综合概括作者展示的各种细节。
2. 标志
(1)题干中明确提到人名、地名、数字时间等细节性信息；
(2)往往针对文章中可以定位的一句话或几句话设计问题；
(3)题干和选项之间有时是因果关系。
3. 关键词
包括数字、时间、专有名词——如人名、地名、学科名词或带引号的词。
4. 命题模式
According to the passage / the author，who(what,where,which,when,why,how etc。)
5. 做题关键：准确定位、返回原文。
(1)根据题干中的明确关键词返回原文；
(2)根据题干中的重点词或其同义词(如名词、动词、形容词等)返回原文；
(3)根据原文中的特殊语言现象，要善于利用因果、类比、时间、空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个逻辑分明的有机体。如转折词but、however、yet等定位。
6. 做题步骤
(1)根据段落中主题句的名词粗略确定段落内容方向；
(2)利用题干提问的内容，大致定位对应的段落；
(3)利用题干中的重要信息词准确确定相关信息句，进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案。
7. 注意事项
干扰选项的特征：
(1)正反混淆选项的内容和作者在原文中提到的信息相反。
(2)偷换概念选项提到了原文的内容，但是却将原文对应部分中的另一个关键词或短语换成了意思不同的其他词汇。
(3)无中生有就是说选项中出现了原文没有提到或推导不出的形容词或名词。
(4)因果倒置选项中涉及的两部分之间的因果关系与原文所说的因果关系正好相反，将原文的因换成了果或者将原文的果换成了因。
(5)扩大范围将原文的特指(只适用于部分的情况)变为泛指(适用于全部的情况)。例如，在选项中出现表示泛指的复数名词作主语时，要注意该名词在原文的范围。如果选项中所说的情况只适用于主语所指的一部分，那么这一选项就是干扰选项。注意，上述干扰选项的特征也适用于判断其他题型的干扰选项。
(二)中心主旨题
该类题型考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的中心主旨。该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高，每年必出。中心主旨题可以分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。
命题方式中含有“main idea，subject，purpose”等词。
2. 标志
3. 关键句
文章首段的句子以及各段的首末句。
4. 命题模式
(1)The passage is mainly about。
(2)Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage ?
(3)The best title for this passage might be。
(4)What is the main idea of the passage ?
5. 做题关键
这种题目应主要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构入手，利用推理能力，对文章信息进行系统分析，归纳总结，从而得出主题。
6. 做题步骤
(1)运用宏观阅读技巧做题，就是根据文章结构判断主题。
(2)运用首段和首末句信息做题。就是说综合各段的首末句的内容，可以得出主题。注意：只看首段有时容易以偏概全，因为首段有时只是在引出文章主体之前起抛砖引玉的作用。
(3)运用写作方法做题。 2003年以后的文章，以报刊文章为主，文章首段常以类比、故事、今昔对比等方式引出主题。问文章使用的写作方法时，正确答案一般是类比等；问使用类比、故事、今昔对比等写作方法的目的时，正确答案是引出主题。
(4)运用快速构思成文法进行判断。在两个选项难以分辨时可以分别以它们为题，在脑海中快速构思两个写作提纲，若所构思提纲与原文内容大致吻合者为正确答案，否则为干扰选项。
(三)词汇题
词义题的考查有两种：一是超纲词含义的推断，另一个是熟词僻义或是在特定场合的意思。
2. 标志
题干中具体给出原文中某处的单词或短语，要求推测其意思。
3. 关键词
能帮助读者猜测词义的上下文线索通常有定义、重述、解释、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词或标点符号等等。如通常使用信号词，如 is，are，is(are) called，mean， refer to，known as 等来定义。
4. 命题模式
(1)The word “…”(in line…)most probably means 。
(2)From the passage,we can infer that the word “…”is 。
(3)From the first paragraph, we learn that。
5. 做题关键
注意单词所在的上下文，尤其是上下句。假如所考单词是常见词汇，那么其字面意思一定不是正确答案，要根据上下文得出其在特定场合更深刻的意思，该含义也许和其字面意思没有任何的关系。
猜测词义的方法：(1)构词法：根据词根，词缀判断词义；(2)词性加搭配：先判断生词在文章中的词性，再看它与哪些词语可以搭配，根据自己的常识推测；(3)找同义词、同义解释、反义词、反义解释：在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法，由此推断其含义；(4)找同位词：上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构，找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。
6. 做题步骤
(1)返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方；
(2)注意结合上下文理解该单词的含义；
(3)如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案；
(4)词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。特别注意不能靠单词词义直接往下过分推理；
(5)寻找时要注意特殊标点、定语从句、构词的前后缀等，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。例如，冒号前的词汇的意思可以由冒号后的部分归纳，破折号之后词汇的意思可以由破折号之前的部分推测；
7. 注意事项
干扰项特点：(1)与所考词汇形似。(2)如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。
(四)句子理解题
1. 标志
题干中给出原文中具体的一句话，要求理解其意思。
2. 命题模式
(1)By“…”，the writer means 。
(2)According to passage,what is “…”？
(3)By saying “…”the author implied that…
(4)The phrase(sentence)“…”(in line…)most probably means 。
3. 做题关键
做这类题时要立足于本句，借上下句帮助理解。
4. 做题步骤
返回原文找到所考的句子，找出句子的主干或看出作者所表达的态度，也可以利用微观阅读技巧，如标点符号或关联词对句子进行理解。
5. 注意事项
正确答案与原句之间是一个同义关系，其中一般不存在推理过程。干扰项特点：(1)根据命题原则，正确选项不会使用与原文过多相同的字眼，因此，对句子的解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。(2)四个选项中与原句意思接近的为正确答案，选项与原文之间没有任何推理过程。
(五)作者态度(观点)题
2. 标志
题干中有attitude或think,believe，deem，consider，regard等词汇，选项中是一些表示态度的名词或形容词。
3. 关键词
可以反映作者观点的动词、形容词等。
4. 命题模式
作者态度题：
(1)The author is most critical of 。
(2)Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards…?
作者观点题：
(1)What is the author’s idea about?
(2)The author believes that 。
5. 做题关键、技巧
(1)不要把自己的态度揉入其中，还要注意区分考查是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度。
(2)当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用的具有褒贬含义的语言去判断作者的态度，如，wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。
(3)某一事物是好是坏，作者对它是支持是反对，态度一般都很明确，而带中立色彩的词不可能是正确答案。问作者对某事物的态度时，表示“客观”的词多为正确选项，如objective, impartial, unbiased 等；问作者对文中提到的人物或他们的观点态度时，答案多是肯定或否定，支持或反对。如，critical, approval, opposed, supporting 等。
(4)既然作者写了文章，他的态度就不可能是漠不关心的，因此见到indifferent, uninterested 可以首先排除。
6. 注意事项
解答态度观点题应注意以下几点：
(1)区别作者的态度与其他人的态度。
(2)下列选项一般为干扰选项：indifferent(冷漠的)，subjective(主观的)，biased(有偏见的)，puzzling(令人感到迷惑的)。
(六)文章态度(观点)题
问文中某人对某事物的态度。作为作者态度题的一种新形式，命题也开始注重考查文章中某人对某事的观点和态度。
2. 标志和关键词
题干中常有attitude，opinion，tone等。选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词，而改为带有程度限制的词语。比如guarded(慎重的)，qualified(有条件的，有限制的)，reserved(有保留的)，tempered(温和的，缓和的)。
3. 命题模式
(1)What is the tone(mood)of “…” ?
(2)What is “…” opinion about?
4. 做题关键
要注意区分作者的态度与其他人的态度。因为持有保留态度的观点比较客观，往往是正确答案。文章陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点，要注意区分，这是命题有迷惑性的地方。因此，作者引用别人的观点时，是作为支持或抨击的对象，别人的观点通常是为了证明作者的论据来给出的。
5. 注意事项
这类试题与作者态度题不同，作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联，而文章某人的观点则不一定紧密相关。一般带有化或过于强烈的词修饰的选项必错。比如：strongly，completely，entirely，enthusiasticly等。
(七)推理题
该题型的两个特点：(1)文章中往往没有答题的依据；(2)一旦文中有依据，往往A,B,C,D表面上都对，很难判断谁是谁非。
正确项特点：(1)不是文中明确说明的内容，因为即使符合原文，没有引申或归纳总结的内容就不是正确选项；(2)如果四个选项全能凭常识判断，其中含义深刻的是正确选项，有时不是常识项的是正确选项。
干扰项的特点：(1)只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当成间接推理；(2)看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的；(3)根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生理解作者意图的能力；(4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头，概括过度；(5)有部分选项的内容纯属编造，无中生有。
抓住三错一对的关系，即有三个选项与原文相矛盾，只有一个符合原文的意思。
2. 标志
题干中出现下列词汇之一：infer，conclude，imply，suggest，learn等。
3. 命题模式
推理引申题题干中常有infer，imply，suggest，deduce，indicate，conclude等词出现，常见的命题模式有：
(1)It can be inferred from the first paragraph that…
(2)Which of the following can(not)be inferred from the passage?
(3)The author indicates in the passage that 。
(4)It can be concluded from the passage that 。
(5)We can infer(assume ,deduce) that。
(6)By…the author implied (suggests, indicates) that。
4. 做题关键
返回原文，将选项与原文一一进行比较。
5. 做题步骤
推理题的答案一般是这么编写的：
(1)将原文的某句话换个说法，如换成同义词。
(3)由构成对比的一方推断另一方。如果原文中提到两个事物，二者形成对比，而且已知其中一个事物的特点，那么可以推断另一事物的特点。所以，找推理题的答案时要特别注意原文表示对比、比较或有转折的地方，这些往往是出推理题的地方。
(4)根据作者的态度进行推理。推理题如果涉及态度，一般应与作者的态度一致。正确答案应该支持作者的观点或驳斥与作者相反的观点。
6. 注意事项
(2)根据题干的关键词迅速搜索定位以便确定推理依据的范围，利用语法、词汇、语境线索，了解单句的含义，弄清上下文的逻辑关系，然后按题意进行推理。题目可能要求考生对某句话或数句话进行正确理解或释义，也可能从某句话或某段话中深刻理解，分析一些细节事实。
7. 新趋势
推理题按照难易可以分为：简单推理题和复杂推理题。而后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势。
(八)例证题
该题型要求考生(1)区分论点和论据；(2)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系：主要是考察考生通过段落、句子来推测文章的主旨、支持的观点等。
2. 标志
题干中出现下列词汇之一：case，example，illustration，demonstration，exemplify，illustrate，demonstrate。
3. 命题模式
(1)The case of…demonstrated that。
(2)The author wants to prove the example of…that。
(3)The example of…is used to show 。
4. 做题关键
重要找出例子所支持的论点，而不是看是否完全理解例子本身的含义。一般例子支持它之前的论点，段落性的例子(涉及整个段落的例子)说明段落主题(一般位于段首或段落首尾两处)，全文性的例子(涉及两个或两个以上段落)说明全文主题。
5. 做题步骤
(1)返回原文定位该例子；
(2)一般向例子前(有时向例子后)寻找该例子所支持的论点；
(3)与所找到的论点意思接近的选项为正确答案。
6. 注意事项
干扰选项的特征：就事论事。
(九)指代题
指代题主要考察考生整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。
2. 标志
在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词要求辨别其指代关系，常考的指代词有it，that，one。
3. 做题关键
返回原文定位该指代词。
4. 做题步骤
(1)返回原文找出该代词所在的句子，并且仔细分析，正确理解该可话；
(2)向上搜索，找出离该代词近的名词、短语或句子，以之替换该代词，看句子是否通顺；
(3)在四个选项中找出与所找到的名词、短语或句子意思接近的一个作为正确答案。
(十)判断题
1. 标志
题干为下列两种形式之一：
(1)Which of the following statements is(not) mentioned /true /correct?
(2)All of the following statements are mentioned /true /correct except…
2. 做题步骤
(1)先判断是三错一对还是三对一错。所谓“对”是指符合原文意思或作者态度，而所谓“错”是指和原文相矛盾、与作者态度相反，或原文未提及的信息。
(2)返回原文，找到各选项所对应的原文，将它们与原文一一进行比较，切忌凭印象进行判断。注意：这种题的选项有时考查的是集中于某段的信息或者具备一些共同的特征，所以做题时可以先看一下四个选项，找出其中的共同点，再返回原文定位。
3. 注意事项
文章中容易出现考点的地方：(1)转折处(2)后面(3)带有褒贬义的句子(4)虚拟语气的句子(5)长难句
计算机中stdio.h是什么意思有什么作用
首先审题，我们知道推理对象为the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake，然后通过定位，找到原文包含推理对象的句子，即原文一句话的后半句，“The residence time is an erage;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.”stdio.h就是指“standard input&output"
{ return __F->_flag & _IOEOF; }意思就是说标准输入输出头文件！
所以了，用到标准输入输出函数时，就要调用这个头文件！
原程序为：
stdio.h
This file has no copyright assigned and is placed in the Public Domain.
This file is a part of the mingw-runtime package.
No warranty is given; refer to the file DISCLAIMER within the package.
Definitions of types and prototypes of functions for standard input and
output.
NOTE: The file manipulation functions provided by Microsoft seem to
work with either slash (/) or backslash (\) as the directory separator.
/
#ifndef _STDIO_H_
#define _STDIO_H_
/ All the headers include this file. /
#include <_mingw.h>
#ifndef RC_INVOKED
#define __need_size_t
#define __need_NULL
#define __need_wchar_t
#define __need_wint_t
#include
#include
#endif / Not RC_INVOKED /
/ Flags for the iobuf structure /
#define _IOREAD 1 / currently reading /
#define _IOWRT 2 / currently writing /
#define _IORW 0x0080 / opened as "r+w" /
The three standard file pointers provided by the run time library.
NOTE: These will go to the bit-bucket silently in GUI applications!
#define STDIN_FILENO 0
#define STDOUT_FILENO 1
#define STDERR_FILENO 2
/ Returned by various functions on end of file condition or error. /
#define EOF (-1)
The maximum length of a file name. You should use GetVolumeInformation
instead of this constant. But hey, this works.
Also defined in io.h.
#ifndef FILENAME_MAX
#define FILENAME_MAX (260)
#endif
The maximum number of files that may be open at once. I he set this to
a conservative number. The actual value may be higher.
#define FOPEN_MAX (20)
/ After creating this many names, tmpnam and tmpfile return NULL /
#define TMP_MAX 32767
Tmpnam, tmpfile and, sometimes, _tempnam try to create
temp files in the root directory of the current drive
(not in pwd, as suggested by some older MS doc's).
Redefining these macros does not effect the CRT functions.
#define _P_tmpdir "\\"
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
#define P_tmpdir _P_tmpdir
#endif
#define _wP_tmpdir L"\\"
The maximum size of name (including NUL) that will be put in the user
supplied buffer caName for tmpnam.
Inferred from the size of the static buffer returned by tmpnam
when passed a NULL argument. May actually be aller.
#define L_tmpnam (16)
#define _IOFBF 0x0000 / full buffered /
#define _IOLBF 0x0040 / line buffered /
#define _IONBF 0x0004 / not buffered /
#define _IOMYBUF 0x0008 / stdio malloc()'d buffer /
#define _IOEOF 0x0010 / EOF reached on read /
#define _IOERR 0x0020 / I/O error from system /
#define _IOSTRG 0x0040 / Strange or no file descriptor /
#ifdef _POSIX_SOURCE
# define _IOAPPEND 0x0200
#endif
The buffer size as used by setbuf such that it is equivalent to
(void) setvbuf(fileSetBuffer, caBuffer, _IOFBF, BUFSIZ).
#define BUFSIZ 512
/ Constants for nOrigin indicating the position relative to which fseek
sets the file position. Enclosed in ifdefs because io.h could also
define them. (Though not anymore since io.h includes this file now.) /
#ifndef SEEK_SET
#define SEEK_SET (0)
#endif
#ifndef SEEK_CUR
#define SEEK_CUR (1)
#endif
#ifndef SEEK_END
#define SEEK_END (2)
#endif
#ifndef RC_INVOKED
#ifndef __VALIST
#ifdef __GNUC__
#define __VALIST __gnuc_va_list
#else
#define __VALIST char
#endif
The structure underlying the FILE type.
Some believe that nobody in their right mind should make use of the
internals of this structure. Provided by Pedro A. Aranda Gutiirrez
.
#ifndef _FILE_DEFINED
#define _FILE_DEFINED
typedef struct _iobuf
{char _ptr;
int _cnt;
char _base;
int _flag;
int _file;
int _charbuf;
int _bufsiz;
char _tmpfname;
} FILE;
#endif / Not _FILE_DEFINED /
The standard file handles
#ifndef __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED
extern FILE (_imp___iob)[]; / A pointer to an array of FILE /
#define _iob (_imp___iob) / An array of FILE /
#else / __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED /
__MINGW_IMPORT FILE _iob[]; / An array of FILE imported from DLL. /
#endif / __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED /
#define stdin (&_iob[STDIN_FILENO])
#define stdout (&_iob[STDOUT_FILENO])
#define stderr (&_iob[STDERR_FILENO])
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
File Operations
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl fopen (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl freopen (const char, const char, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fflush (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fclose (FILE);
/ MS puts remove & rename (but not wide versions) in io.h also /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl remove (const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl rename (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl tmpfile (void);
_CRTIMP char __cdecl tmpnam (char);
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
_CRTIMP char __cdecl _tempnam (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _rmtmp(void);
#ifndef NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP char __cdecl tempnam (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl rmtmp(void);
#endif
#endif / __STRICT_ANSI__ /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl setvbuf (FILE, char, int, size_t);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl setbuf (FILE, char);
Formatted Output
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fprintf (FILE, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl printf (const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl sprintf (char, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _snprintf (char, size_t, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vfprintf (FILE, const char, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vprintf (const char, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vsprintf (char, const char, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _vsnprintf (char, size_t, const char, __VALIST);
#ifndef __NO_ISOCEXT / externs in libmingwex.a /
int __cdecl snprintf(char s, size_t n, const char format, ...);
__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl
{ return _vsnprintf ( s, n, format, arg); }
int __cdecl vscanf (const char __restrict__, __VALIST);
int __cdecl vfscanf (FILE __restrict__, const char __restrict__,
__VALIST);
int __cdecl vsscanf (const char __restrict__,
const char __restrict__, __VALIST);
#endif
Formatted Input
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fscanf (FILE, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl scanf (const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl sscanf (const char, const char, ...);
Character Input and Output Functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fgetc (FILE);
_CRTIMP char __cdecl fgets (char, int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputc (int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputs (const char, FILE);
_CRTIMP char __cdecl gets (char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl puts (const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl ungetc (int, FILE);
/ Traditionally, getc and putc are defined as macros. but the
standard doesn't say that they must be macros.
We use inline functions here to allow the fast versions
to be used in C++ with namespace qualification, eg., ::getc.
_filbuf and _fluf are not thread-safe. /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _filbuf (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fluf (int, FILE);
#if !defined _MT
__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl getc (FILE __F)
{return (--__F->_cnt >= 0)
? (int) (unsigned char) __F->_ptr++
: _filbuf (__F);
}__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl putc (int __c, FILE __F)
{return (--__F->_cnt >= 0)
? (int) (unsigned char) (__F->_ptr++ = (char)__c)
: _fluf (__c, __F);
}__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl getchar (void)
{return (--stdin->_cnt >= 0)
: _filbuf (stdin);
}__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl putchar(int __c)
? (int) (unsigned char) (stdout->_ptr++ = (char)__c)
#else / Use library functions. /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl getc (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl putc (int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl getchar (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl putchar (int);
#endif
Direct Input and Output Functions
_CRTIMP s/ize_t __cdecl fread (void, size_t, size_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP size_t __cdecl fwrite (const void, size_t, size_t, FILE);
File Positioning Functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fseek (FILE, long, int);
_CRTIMP long __cdecl ftell (FILE);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl rewind (FILE);
#ifdef __USE_MINGW_FSEEK / These are in libmingwex.a /
Workaround for limitations on win9x where a file contents are
not zero'd out if you seek past the end and then write.
int __cdecl __mingw_fseek (FILE , long, int);
int __cdecl __mingw_fwrite (const void, size_t, size_t, FILE);
#define fseek(fp, offset, whence) __mingw_fseek(fp, offset, whence)
#define fwrite(buffer, size, count, fp) __mingw_fwrite(buffer, size, count, fp)
#endif / __USE_MINGW_FSEEK /
An opaque data type used for storing file positions... The contents of
this type are unknown, but we (the compiler) need to know the size
because the programmer using fgetpos and fsetpos will be setting aside
storage for fpos_t structres. Actually I tested using a byte array and
it is fairly evident that the fpos_t type is a long (in CRTDLL.DLL).
Perhaps an unsigned long? TODO? It's definitely a 64-bit number in
MSVCRT however, and for now `long long' will do.
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
typedef long long fpos_t;
#else
#endif
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fgetpos (FILE, fpos_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fsetpos (FILE, const fpos_t);
Error Functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl feof (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl ferror (FILE);
#ifdef __cplusplus
inline int __cdecl feof (FILE __F)
inline int __cdecl ferror (FILE __F)
{ return __F->_flag & _IOERR; }
#else
#define feof(__F) ((__F)->_flag & _IOEOF)
#define ferror(__F) ((__F)->_flag & _IOERR)
#endif
_CRTIMP void __cdecl clearerr (FILE);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl perror (const char);
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
Pipes
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _popen (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _pclose (FILE);
#ifndef NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl popen (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl pclose (FILE);
#endif
Other Non ANSI functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _flushall (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fgetchar (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fputchar (int);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _fdopen (int, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fcloseall(void);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _fsopen(const char, const char, int);
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _getmaxstdio(void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _setmaxstdio(int);
#endif
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fgetchar (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputchar (int);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl fdopen (int, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fileno (FILE);
#endif / Not _NO_OLDNAMES /
#define _fileno(__F) ((__F)->_file)
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
#define fileno(__F) ((__F)->_file)
#endif
#if defined (__MSVCRT__) && !defined (__NO_MINGW_LFS)
#include
__CRT_INLINE FILE __cdecl fopen64 (const char filename, const char mode)
{return fopen (filename, mode);
}int __cdecl fseeko64 (FILE, off64_t, int);
#ifdef __USE_MINGW_FSEEK
int __cdecl __mingw_fseeko64 (FILE , off64_t, int);
#define fseeko64(fp, offset, whence) __mingw_fseeko64(fp, offset, whence)
#endif
__CRT_INLINE off64_t __cdecl ftello64 (FILE stream)
{fpos_t pos;
if (fgetpos(stream, &pos))
return -1LL;
else
return ((off64_t) pos);
}#endif / __NO_MINGW_LFS /
#endif / Not __STRICT_ANSI__ /
/ Wide versions /
#ifndef _WSTDIO_DEFINED
/ also in wchar.h - keep in sync /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fwprintf (FILE, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl wprintf (const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl swprintf (wchar_t, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _snwprintf (wchar_t, size_t, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vfwprintf (FILE, const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vwprintf (const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vswprintf (wchar_t, const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _vsnwprintf (wchar_t, size_t, const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fwscanf (FILE, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl wscanf (const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl swscanf (const wchar_t, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fgetwc (FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fputwc (wchar_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl ungetwc (wchar_t, FILE);
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl fgetws (wchar_t, int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputws (const wchar_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl getwc (FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl getwchar (void);
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl _getws (wchar_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _putws (const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl putwchar (wint_t);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfdopen(int, wchar_t );
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfreopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfsopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t, int);
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl _wtmpnam (wchar_t);
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl _wtempnam (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _wrename (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _wremove (const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl _wperror (const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wpopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
#endif / __MSVCRT__ /
#ifndef __NO_ISOCEXT / externs in libmingwex.a /
int __cdecl snwprintf (wchar_t s, size_t n, const wchar_t format, ...);
__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl
vsnwprintf (wchar_t s, size_t n, const wchar_t format, __VALIST arg)
{ return _vsnwprintf ( s, n, format, arg);}
int __cdecl vwscanf (const wchar_t __restrict__, __VALIST);
int __cdecl vfwscanf (FILE __restrict__,
const wchar_t __restrict__, __VALIST);
int __cdecl vswscanf (const wchar_t __restrict__,
const wchar_t __restrict__, __VALIST);
#endif
#define _WSTDIO_DEFINED
#endif / _WSTDIO_DEFINED /
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
#ifndef NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl wpopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
#endif / not NO_OLDNAMES /
#endif / MSVCRT runtime /
Other Non ANSI wide functions
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl _fgetwchar (void);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl _fputwchar (wint_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _getw (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _putw (int, FILE);
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fgetwchar (void);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fputwchar (wint_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl getw (FILE);
#endif / Not _NO_OLDNAMES /
#endif / __STRICT_ANSI /
#ifdef __cplusplus
}#endif
#endif / Not RC_INVOKED /
#endif / _STDIO_H_ /
【考研英语】2010年考研英语阅读六大题型解题技巧
{return (--stdout->_cnt >= 0)根据考试大纲要求和历年真题解析可以看出，考研阅读理解常考的题型分别有：词汇含义题、主旨标题题、细节事实题、推理判断题、功能举例题、态度倾向题。
接下来我就扣紧这六种题型进行解题技巧的分析，并分别举出近两年的真题进行讲解。
词汇含义题
这是每年的必考题。其实质考查的并不是词汇量，而是考生在上下文语境下解析出词汇含义的能力，因此主要是上下文理解的能力。这种题型不需要全文定位，答案往往就在出题句旁边的三句话内。
我们将上下文的关系进行简单的解析，分成顺接和逆接两类。也就是说，如果这三句话内并没有出现任何的对比和转折，我们可以认为前后内容是一致的，逻辑是连贯的，那么划线部分的词义和前后是相同或相似的关系，它的意思可以通过前后两句得出。
如果中间出现了对比转折词，比如but, however, yet, nevertheless, instead of, in spite of, though, although, in contrast, while, on the contrary等，那么前后的关系就是相反或相对的。
(06-01)In spite of “endless talk of difference”，American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse，and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered “va_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl putwc (wint_t, FILE);st arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere。
21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying [B] associating [C] assimilating [D] monopolizing
这题很典型，可以从两个角度来做题。首先从结构上来看，回到文中，会发现前面有in spite of，说明前后是对比转折的关系。因此，这个词的意思应该是与difference相对，从选项中可以看出只有C表示同化的意思。即使不认识这个词，也能从他的词根sim上看出similar，与difference相反的意思。
另外，这题也可以从词汇角度来做。因为提问的词是一个动词，所以可以从上下文中寻找动词。在后面两句中发现了be absorbed into，中间没有对比转折，说明两者是相同或相似的意思——被吸收。看一下选项，只有C是有同化、吸收的意思，自然就是正确答案。
/主旨标题题
这个题型近年来是考查的重点，08年的真题考到了4个题目，同时它也是选项创新中常实现的题型。它常常考查就是整篇文章或是某段落的主旨，或者要求为文章选一个合适的标题。
它的做法就是要找到文章的要点，而跳过行文中大量的细节。在一篇文章中往往为重要就是文章的首末段，而在一个段落内往往为重要的也是段落的首末句，因此这个题型的要点就是重点考查文章首末段的首末句，从中得到中心词以及文章的核心。
(07-03-35)Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff。
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins。
(首段)During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
从首句可以看出主干的核心动词是transform改变。后一句，主体意思表达也是中产阶级将变穷(reduce to newly poor)，因此这其中负面的意味非常明显。
从一段的首句，分析出主干后会发现对于中产阶级来说目前的局势完全不是机会，而是挑战，(looks far less like an opportunity, and more like a acceleration of risk)可以看出中产阶级的生活正在发生巨大的变化，处在悬崖边上(on the cliff)，答案为B，其余的答案都太大和太小。
细节事实题
这是考研阅读考试中的重点题型，每年大概都有近一半的题目。主要考查的是对于文章具体细节事实的了解和判断，以及将文章内容和选项本身进行对比分析的能力。因此，这个题型能体现句子解析能力，同时我们也发现做这个题的时候，词汇固然重要，但从结构上把握句子，有的时候能事半功倍，不完全认识词汇也能把题解决。
(07-01-23) According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information。
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises。
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors。
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration。
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome。
这是完全开放的细节题，只能以选项进行一个一个的查找。A选项比较没有特色，我们先看B，里面的两个词intuitive、cognitive不是太熟，但可以发现它们在文中是原词再现的。对比一下，会发现在结构上就不同。文章是the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one，选项是results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises，文章强调的是more的后面cognitive，而选项强调的是rather than的前面intuitive，明显是不同的。
再看C，文章中是memory itself is not genetically determined，选项是is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors，强调的是rather than的前面genetic,这与原文相反，排除。
再看D, 文章是it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 选项是requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration，文中提到了goals, feedback, concentration三个内容，而选项中只有后两者，信息明显缺失，排除。
推理判断题
本题型考查的是在细节事实的基础上进行推理的能力，要求指出作者想说而实际未明确说出的话。常在题干中出infer, imply, suggest, indicate, learn等词。重点就在于要根据作者的思路来进行推理，而不要主观套上个人自己的经验和想象。同时要注意范围，基本的做法和细节事实不多，也是定位后进行对比分析。同时会发现包含一定的模糊词汇选项往往是正确选项，因为推理的过程是一个从已知到未知的过程，常常会留有一定的余地。
(07-03-33)It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks。
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges。
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems。
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
直接定位到一段。首先观察选项，发现A，B，C三个都有模糊词汇tend to, may, may是我们重点看的对象，再者可以发现三个选项都极为有规律，都是主谓宾结构，而且A和C的主语一致，都是经济和财政问题，B为中产阶级，三者的宾语也一致，都是问题，因此我们以问题进行定位，回到一段，发现只有一句才提到问题。因此，我们从一整段的定位缩到一句话。
考察一下一句，发现主干的意思就是“的fallout开始了，而经济的fallout也不远了”，fallout是难词，跳过，我们发现在讨论经济与的关系，直接把B排除，与这句无关。
再看A和C，两者的区别是两个动词，outweigh, bring about。看到一句的结构，A开始了，而B也不远，明显这是我们在细节题中提到的因果关系的一种引申。考研英语中因果关系的表达多种多样，这也是其中的一种，因此我们可以认为的某个东西与经济的某个东西两者间是因果的关系，再看选项，可以发现A和C中的两个动词，outweigh是超过的意思，排除，bring about意为带来，是一种因果关系，与原句契合，再看一下D，发现它毫不相关，因此答案为C。
功能举例题
这几乎可以说是考研专属的题型，四级和六级从来不会考到，因此同学在备考的时候要引起足够的重视，每年都稳定在3个题目左右。它的核心在于考查文中提出到某个例子是何作用和功能。在题干中常常会看这样的词汇：提到，mention, note, cite, 例子，example, case,作用，demonstrate, illustrate, justify, argue, make the point, talk about等。
这个题型的重点在知道功能和作用是源于例子，高于例子，例子本身的内容并不重要，因此，例子内部的细节如果在选项中出现，往往是我们首先排除的选项，重要的是要找到这个例子的点题句，答案往往就是它或是它的同义转化。
(07-01-21)The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training。
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup。
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance。
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others。
Mention表明这是功能题。定位就是以soccer，birthday这个词进行定位。因为是题，肯定是在前面。
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to he been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced。
What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to he higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above。
可以看出，文章的整个段都是在讨论有关足球的事情。说明这一整段都是例子本身，都不是要我们关注的内容。
对比一下选项，可以发现，A，B，D中都是段细节的重现，professional training, World Cup, soccer等都是细节，直接排除，得到答案C。
态度倾向题
这是个小题型，每年都是一题或是不考，但备考过程中也需要准备。它考查就是作者或是文章中的人物对于主题或某事物的态度和倾向，因此，寻找能表明态度的感彩词是为重要的。如果是个全文的态度题，那么我们需要考查的就是全文各段的段首，感彩词往往是以动词、形容词和副词居多。
(07-02-30)What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?
[A] Supportive [B] Skeptical [C] Impartial [D] Biased
这是全文态度题，查看各段首句，重点查找感彩词。
段是引入话题，可以跳过。
第二段首句：Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. 可以看出作者并不是完全赞同IQ测试，clearly这个词明显表明了作者的态度，排除A。
第三段的首句：The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 说明作者认为测试手段还是会用到IQ。
第四段话锋一转，such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg。其中主干谓语是may not assess all, 直接就表明作者认为这种测试并不是的，对其测试结果有一定的怀疑。C和D与原文不符，所以答案为B。
初中英语阅读理解有10题还是15题
(1)考生在浏览全文时，一要留意那些似乎话中有话的间接表达句。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式，留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。二是留意含义深刻或结构复杂的长难句型。考生对作者表达的意思不能一下子看透，它们往往是命题点所在。初中英语阅读理解是有10道题目的
英语试卷大致分为4个部分,听力理解、知识运用、阅读理解以及书面表达。每一部分的分数分别为:听力理解30分、知识运用25分、阅读理解50分、书面...
题型特点:细节题占阅读理解的比例很大,阅读时要特别注意以/ 下几点 1.阅读时,必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据,切 忌把自己的观点
一般是有3篇阅读理解，每篇5道题，一共15题
初2. 推语气中英语阅读理解有10题
计算机中stdio.h是什么意思有什么作用
vsnprintf (char s, size_t n, const char format, __VALIST arg)stdio.h就是指“standard input&output"
? (int) (unsigned char) stdin->_ptr++意思就是说标准输入输出头文件！
所以了，用到标准输入输出函数时，就要调用这个头文件！
原程序为：
stdio.h
This file has no copyright assigned and is placed in the Public Domain.
This file is a part of the mingw-runtime package.
No warranty is given; refer to the file DISCLAIMER within the package.
Definitions of types and prototypes of functions for standard input and
output.
NOTE: The file manipulation functions provided by Microsoft seem to
work with either slash (/) or backslash (\) as the directory separator.
/
#ifndef _STDIO_H_
#define _STDIO_H_
/ All the headers include this file. /
#include <_mingw.h>
#ifndef RC_INVOKED
#define __need_size_t
#define __need_NULL
#define __need_wchar_t
#define __need_wint_t
#include
#include
#endif / Not RC_INVOKED /
/ Flags for the iobuf structure /
#define _IOREAD 1 / currently reading /
#define _IOWRT 2 / currently writing /
#define _IORW 0x0080 / opened as "r+w" /
The three standard file pointers provided by the run time library.
NOTE: These will go to the bit-bucket silently in GUI applications!
#define STDIN_FILENO 0
#define STDOUT_FILENO 1
#define STDERR_FILENO 2
/ Returned by various functions on end of file condition or error. /
#define EOF (-1)
The maximum length of a file name. You should use GetVolumeInformation
instead of this constant. But hey, this works.
Also defined in io.h.
#ifndef FILENAME_MAX
#define FILENAME_MAX (260)
#endif
The maximum number of files that may be open at once. I he set this to
a conservative number. The actual value may be higher.
#define FOPEN_MAX (20)
/ After creating this many names, tmpnam and tmpfile return NULL /
#define TMP_MAX 32767
Tmpnam, tmpfile and, sometimes, _tempnam try to create
temp files in the root directory of the current drive
(not in pwd, as suggested by some older MS doc's).
Redefining these macros does not effect the CRT functions.
#define _P_tmpdir "\\"
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
#define P_tmpdir _P_tmpdir
#endif
#define _wP_tmpdir L"\\"
The maximum size of name (including NUL) that will be put in the user
supplied buffer caName for tmpnam.
Inferred from the size of the static buffer returned by tmpnam
when passed a NULL argument. May actually be aller.
#define L_tmpnam (16)
#define _IOFBF 0x0000 / full buffered /
#define _IOLBF 0x0040 / line buffered /
#define _IONBF 0x0004 / not buffered /
#define _IOMYBUF 0x0008 / stdio malloc()'d buffer /
#define _IOEOF 0x0010 / EOF reached on read /
#define _IOERR 0x0020 / I/O error from system /
#define _IOSTRG 0x0040 / Strange or no file descriptor /
#ifdef _POSIX_SOURCE
# define _IOAPPEND 0x0200
#endif
The buffer size as used by setbuf such that it is equivalent to
(void) setvbuf(fileSetBuffer, caBuffer, _IOFBF, BUFSIZ).
#define BUFSIZ 512
/ Constants for nOrigin indicating the position relative to which fseek
sets the file position. Enclosed in ifdefs because io.h could also
define them. (Though not anymore since io.h includes this file now.) /
#ifndef SEEK_SET
#define SEEK_SET (0)
#endif
#ifndef SEEK_CUR
#define SEEK_CUR (1)
#endif
#ifndef SEEK_END
#define SEEK_END (2)
#endif
#ifndef RC_INVOKED
#ifndef __VALIST
#ifdef __GNUC__
#define __VALIST __gnuc_va_list
#else
#define __VALIST char
#endif
The structure underlying the FILE type.
Some believe that nobody in their right mind should make use of the
internals of this structure. Provided by Pedro A. Aranda Gutiirrez
.
#ifndef _FILE_DEFINED
#define _FILE_DEFINED
typedef struct _iobuf
{char _ptr;
int _cnt;
char _base;
int _flag;
int _file;
int _charbuf;
int _bufsiz;
char _tmpfname;
} FILE;
#endif / Not _FILE_DEFINED /
The standard file handles
#ifndef __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED
extern FILE (_imp___iob)[]; / A pointer to an array of FILE /
#define _iob (_imp___iob) / An array of FILE /
#else / __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED /
__MINGW_IMPORT FILE _iob[]; / An array of FILE imported from DLL. /
#endif / __DECLSPEC_SUPPORTED /
#define stdin (&_iob[STDIN_FILENO])
#define stdout (&_iob[STDOUT_FILENO])
#define stderr (&_iob[STDERR_FILENO])
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
File Operations
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl fopen (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl freopen (const char, const char, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fflush (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fclose (FILE);
/ MS puts remove & rename (but not wide versions) in io.h also /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl remove (const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl rename (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl tmpfile (void);
_CRTIMP char __cdecl tmpnam (char);
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
_CRTIMP char __cdecl _tempnam (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _rmtmp(void);
#ifndef NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP char __cdecl tempnam (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl rmtmp(void);
#endif
#endif / __STRICT_ANSI__ /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl setvbuf (FILE, char, int, size_t);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl setbuf (FILE, char);
Formatted Output
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fprintf (FILE, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl printf (const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl sprintf (char, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _snprintf (char, size_t, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vfprintf (FILE, const char, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vprintf (const char, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vsprintf (char, const char, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _vsnprintf (char, size_t, const char, __VALIST);
#ifndef __NO_ISOCEXT / externs in libmingwex.a /
int __cdecl snprintf(char s, size_t n, const char format, ...);
__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl
{ return _vsnprintf ( s, n, format, arg); }
int __cdecl vscanf (const char __restrict__, __VALIST);
int __cdecl vfscanf (FILE __restrict__, const char __restrict__,
__VALIST);
int __cdecl vsscanf (const char __restrict__,
const char __restrict__, __VALIST);
#endif
Formatted Input
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fscanf (FILE, const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl scanf (const char, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl sscanf (const char, const char, ...);
Character Input and Output Functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fgetc (FILE);
_CRTIMP char __cdecl fgets (char, int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputc (int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputs (const char, FILE);
_CRTIMP char __cdecl gets (char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl puts (const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl ungetc (int, FILE);
/ Traditionally, getc and putc are defined as macros. but the
standard doesn't say that they must be macros.
We use inline functions here to allow the fast versions
to be used in C++ with namespace qualification, eg., ::getc.
_filbuf and _fluf are not thread-safe. /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _filbuf (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fluf (int, FILE);
#if !defined _MT
__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl getc (FILE __F)
{return (--__F->_cnt >= 0)
? (int) (unsigned char) __F->_ptr++
: _filbuf (__F);
}__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl putc (int __c, FILE __F)
{return (--__F->_cnt >= 0)
? (int) (unsigned char) (__F->_ptr++ = (char)__c)
: _fluf (__c, __F);
}__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl getchar (void)
{return (--stdin->_cnt >= 0)
: _filbuf (stdin);
}__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl putchar(int __c)
? (int) (unsigned char) (stdout->_ptr++ = (char)__c)
#else / Use library functions. /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl getc (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl putc (int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl getchar (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl putchar (int);
#endif
Direct Input and Output Functions
_CRTIMP size_t __cdecl fread (void, size_t, size_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP size_t __cdecl fwrite (const void, size_t, size_t, FILE);
File Positioning Functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fseek (FILE, long, int);
_CRTIMP long __cdecl ftell (FILE);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl rewind (FILE);
#ifdef __USE_MINGW_FSEEK / These are in libmingwex.a /
Workaround for limitations on win9x where a file contents are
not zero'd out if you seek past the end and then题干中出现下列词之一：best title，main idea，main problem，mainly about，mainly discuss，mainly deal with或问本文的写作目的的词(purpose，the author intends to…)。 write.
int __cdecl __mingw_fseek (FILE , long, int);
int __cdecl __mingw_fwrite (const void, size_t, size_t, FILE);
#define fseek(fp, offset, whence) __mingw_fseek(fp, offset, whence)
#define fwrite(buffer, size, count, fp) __mingw_fwrite(buffer, size, count, fp)
#endif / __USE_MINGW_FSEEK /
An opaque data type used for storing file positions... The contents of
this type are unknown, but we (the compiler) need to know the size
because the programmer using fgetpos and fsetpos will be setting aside
storage for fpos_t structres. Actually I tested using a byte array and
it is fairly evident that the fpos_t type is a long (in CRTDLL.DLL).
Perhaps an unsigned long? TODO? It's definitely a 64-bit number in
MSVCRT however, and for now `long long' will do.
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
typedef long long fpos_t;
#else
#endif
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fgetpos (FILE, fpos_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fsetpos (FILE, const fpos_t);
Error Functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl feof (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl ferror (FILE);
#ifdef __cplusplus
inline int __cdecl feof (FILE __F)
inline int __cdecl ferror (FILE __F)
{ return __F->_flag & _IOERR; }
#else
#define feof(__F) ((__F)->_flag & _IOEOF)
#define ferror(__F) ((__F)->_flag & _IOERR)
#endif
_CRTIMP void __cdecl clearerr (FILE);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl perror (const char);
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
Pipes
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _popen (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _pclose (FILE);
#ifndef NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl popen (const char, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl pclose (FILE);
#endif
Other Non ANSI functions
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _flushall (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fgetchar (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fputchar (int);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _fdopen (int, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _fcloseall(void);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _fsopen(const char, const char, int);
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _getmaxstdio(void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _setmaxstdio(int);
#endif
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fgetchar (void);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputchar (int);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl fdopen (int, const char);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fileno (FILE);
#endif / Not _NO_OLDNAMES /
#define _fileno(__F) ((__F)->_file)
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
#define fileno(__F) ((__F)->_file)
#endif
#if defined (__MSVCRT__) && !defined (__NO_MINGW_LFS)
#include
__CRT_INLINE FILE __cdecl fopen64 (const char filename, const char mode)
{return fopen (filename, mode);
}int __cdecl fseeko64 (FILE, off64_t, int);
#ifdef __USE_MINGW_FSEEK
int __cdecl __mingw_fseeko64 (FILE , off64_t, int);
#define fseeko64(fp, offset, whence) __mingw_fseeko64(fp, offset, whence)
#endif
__CRT_INLINE off64_t __cdecl ftello64 (FILE stream)
{fpos_t pos;
if (fgetpos(stream, &pos))
return -1LL;
else
return ((off64_t) pos);
}#endif / __NO_MINGW_LFS /
#endif / Not __STRICT_ANSI__ /
/ Wide versions /
#ifndef _WSTDIO_DEFINED
/ also in wchar.h - keep in sync /
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fwprintf (FILE, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl wprintf (const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl swprintf (wchar_t, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _snwprintf (wchar_t, size_t, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vfwprintf (FILE, const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vwprintf (const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl vswprintf (wchar_t, const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _vsnwprintf (wchar_t, size_t, const wchar_t, __VALIST);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fwscanf (FILE, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl wscanf (const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl swscanf (const wchar_t, const wchar_t, ...);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fgetwc (FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fputwc (wchar_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl ungetwc (wchar_t, FILE);
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl fgetws (wchar_t, int, FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl fputws (const wchar_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl getwc (FILE);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl getwchar (void);
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl _getws (wchar_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _putws (const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl putwchar (wint_t);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfdopen(int, wchar_t );
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfreopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t, FILE);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wfsopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t, int);
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl _wtmpnam (wchar_t);
_CRTIMP wchar_t __cdecl _wtempnam (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _wrename (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _wremove (const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP void __cdecl _wperror (const wchar_t);
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl _wpopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
#endif / __MSVCRT__ /
#ifndef __NO_ISOCEXT / externs in libmingwex.a /
int __cdecl snwprintf (wchar_t s, size_t n, const wchar_t format, ...);
__CRT_INLINE int __cdecl
vsnwprintf (wchar_t s, size_t n, const wchar_t format, __VALIST arg)
{ return _vsnwprintf ( s, n, format, arg);}
int __cdecl vwscanf (const wchar_t __restrict__, __VALIST);
int __cdecl vfwscanf (FILE __restrict__,
const wchar_t __restrict__, __VALIST);
int __cdecl vswscanf (const wchar_t __restrict__,
const wchar_t __restrict__, __VALIST);
#endif
#define _WSTDIO_DEFINED
#endif / _WSTDIO_DEFINED /
#ifndef __STRICT_ANSI__
#ifdef __MSVCRT__
#ifndef NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP FILE __cdecl wpopen (const wchar_t, const wchar_t);
#endif / not NO_OLDNAMES /
#endif / MSVCRT runtime /
Other Non ANSI wide functions
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl _fgetwchar (void);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl _fputwchar (wint_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _getw (FILE);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl _putw (int, FILE);
#ifndef _NO_OLDNAMES
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fgetwchar (void);
_CRTIMP wint_t __cdecl fputwchar (wint_t);
_CRTIMP int __cdecl getw (FILE);
#endif / Not _NO_OLDNAMES /
#endif / __STRICT_ANSI /
#ifdef __cplusplus
}#endif
#endif / Not RC_INVOKED /
#endif / _STDIO_H_ /
托福听力imply 是什么题型
再看A，定位到文章后发现文中是And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. 其中的encode与选项中的process是同义转化，答案为A。托福听力INFER/IMPLY题就是从INFER或IMPLY两个角度提问的题目，具体提问方式如下：
What does the man imply?
What can be inferred about the woman?
What can be inferred from the conversation?
这类题的难度较大，因为INFER/IMPLY的提问角度意味着必然发生替换，意味着从磁带原文到书面答案要绕更多的弯子，意味着考生只模模糊糊地听见几个词是不能猜出答案的，而需要实实在在地听懂意思，毫厘不地理清思路当能做出答案。这一切都要求考生有相当的听力水平，那些或断章取义或望文生义的投机行为或一般所谓的技巧都不再奏效。下面前程百利小编就教给大家如何解答托福听力INFER/IMPLY题。
INFER/IMPLY题的特点是它必然产生替换，在磁带到答案之间绕圈子。这是本类题目难度大的根本原因。但它绕圈子的思路非常有限，通常只有推场景、推语气和推至A说话人这三种。下面我们针对每个思路采取相应对策，各个击破。
1. 推场景(6)代入法。将确定的答案代入原文，看上下文逻辑是否通顺，如果通顺就是正确答案。
所谓“推场景”就是考生仅仅把磁带的字面意思听懂，并不能做出题目，还需要在听懂字面意思的基础上，形象生动地想象出对话发生的具体环境或背景——即倒推出它的场景来，方能做出答案。
这种思路非常简单，由于托福听力常考的场景数量有限、规律固定，考生只需要熟悉托福听力中常考的各种场景及其规律，种思路的题目将变得出奇简单。
例如：
——I’d love to come to your barbecue on Saturday but my cousin is arriving from California that day.
——That’s no problem. The more the merrier.
What does the woman imply?
A. He should bring his cousin to the barbecue.
B. The barbecue is going to be very crowded.
C. She’s sorry the man can’t come to the barbecue.
D. Her cousin is coming to the barbecue too.
这道例题的正确含原词少，看上去与磁带原文似乎没有任何关系，但考生熟悉“带客人来晚会”的场景后，一听便知道：“啊!这又是把他也带来的场景了!”，没看选项时心中就能浮现出答案的大致样子是：“Bring your cousin to the barbecue.”。于是，ETS以为为隐蔽的选项A，在考生那里就变成刺眼的了。
所谓“推语气”就是听懂字面意思不能保证做出答案，题目考试的核心是字面以外的语气，即句子的语调隐含的言外之意。对此，考生要提高自己从特定语调中迅速领会准确语气含义的能力。
例如：
——Didn’t George give a great speech?
——Are you serious?
What can be inferred about the woman?
A. She didn’t hear the speech.
B. She thinks that George is a fine speaker.
C. She doesn’t like serious talks.
D. She disagrees with the man’s opinion.
这道例题关键要理解“Are you serious?”一句话的反问语气：“你当真吗?你不是开玩笑的吧?他讲得那么臭，你真觉得好?!”如此，带有disagree的选项就变得醒目1. 题型特点了。
3. 推至A
所谓“推至A”就是题目表面上在问“What does the second speaker imply?”可答案总是通过个人的话语给出。因此对付这一思路的方法是：熟悉常见题型的规律，熟悉场景规律，使自己形成一种习惯性思路，随时准备通过与A的关系来找答案。
例如：
——I’ve been waiting all week for this concert. The philharmonic is supposed to be excellent and with our student discount the tickets will be really cheap.
——Uh-uh, I’m afraid I left my student ID in my other purpose.
What does the woman imply?
A. She didn’t bring the tickets.
B. She doesn’t want to attend the concert.
C. She forgot her money.
D. She won’t be able to get the student discount.
在这道例题中，答案完全抛开了第二人的字面意思，而通过否定A得出答：买不到优惠票。
如何应对托福阅读推理题
typedef long fpos_t;在托福阅读十大经典题型中，推理题的难度排行仅次于文章内容小结题，要提高托福阅读推理题的解题正确率，首要前提就是要能够准确找到该题的推理依据。
下面来分享一下关于在解答托福阅读推理题时，如何准确找到推理依据的步骤。
步骤一：审题
通过审题，确定本题的推理对象；
步骤二：回原文中锁定推理对象的位置
这时候又分两种情况，如果推理对象存在于原文某个句子中的其中一个分句或一个部分，则推理依据就在本句剩下的内容中;如果推理对象存在于原文一个完整的句子中，则推理依据需要结合上下文。
比如下面这道题：(TPO24)
By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water does not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time.The residence time is the erage length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water lees the lake.The residence time is an erage;the time spent in the lake by a given mol这是标题题，重点考查文章主旨。直接看一下文首末段的首末名来确定答案。从选项可以看出，重点是在讨论中产阶级(middle class)，主题是一致的。ecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.
It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake
A.depends entirely upon the erage speed of a lake's currents
B.can be measured by the volume of the lake alon#define __need___va_liste
C.can be greater or lesser than the residence time
D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake
本句话以分号分成了前后两个分句，因此前一个分句也需要分析。前一个分句，即“The residence time is an erage，停留时间是平均的”，这个信息点需要记住，接下来再把后半句看完。后半句，即“the time spent in the lake by a given molecule would depend on the route it took，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间取决于它所走的路线”，隐含意思即水停留在湖里的时间是不固定的，走的路线是直线，则停留时间短，走的路线是循环的，则停留时间就长。结合前一个分句，可得出结论，一分子的水停留在湖里的时间可能比residence time长，也可能比它短，故答案为C。
如何应对托福阅读推理题？只要结合上下文寻找推理依据，如果包含推理对象的句子是不完整的，则推理依据蕴藏在本句中。
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